ArticleJournal of occupational health2026
1,2-Dichloropropane, but not dichloromethane or trichloropropane, reduces apoptosis of human cholangiocytes co-cultured with macrophages.
Article in Journal of occupational health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThe roles of dichloromethane (DCM) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP) in occupational cholangiocarcinoma, first reported in 2012, remain elusive. This study aimed to determine the potential of 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP), DCM, and 1,2,3-TCP to induce DNA damage-a hallmark of carcinogenicity-in human cholangiocytes.
methodsMonocultures of human immortalized cholangiocytes (MMNK-1 cholangiocytes) and co-cultures of MMNK-1 cholangiocytes with human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages and monocytes were each exposed to 1,2-DCP, DCM or 1,2,3-TCP at 0, 0.1, and 0.4 mM for 24 hours. DNA double-strand break marker γ-H2AX-positive foci and γ-H2AX pan-nuclear staining-which is known to be induced during early or intermediate stages of apoptosis or under replicative stress/checkpoint abrogation in cholangiocytes-were counted in 100 and 200 cholangiocytes, respectively. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining.
resultsThe increase in dense (≥55) γ-H2AX foci induced by all 3 chemical compounds was significantly greater in co-cultures with macrophages, but not with monocytes, than in monocultures. However, only 1,2-DCP decreased the number of γ-H2AX pan-nuclear-positive and TUNEL-positive cholangiocytes in co-cultures with macrophages, but not in monocultured cholangiocytes. Co-treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor decreased the number of γ-H2AX pan-nuclear-positive cholangiocytes in each group by about 50%, suggesting that apoptotic signaling is involved, at least in part, in the induction of γ-H2AX pan-nuclear-positive cholangiocytes.
conclusionsOur study showed that co-culture with macrophages enhanced DNA double-strand breaks induced by all 3 tested chemical compounds, while only 1,2-DCP exhibited a proliferative effect in monocultures and anti-apoptotic effects in co-cultures with macrophages, which are key characteristics of carcinogens, thus distinguishing 1,2-DCP from DCM and 1,2,3-TCP.
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