ArticleJournal of adolescence2026
Associations Among Bullying Victimization, Executive Functions, and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: A Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model.
Article in Journal of adolescence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionBullying victimization increases the risk of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, while adolescents with more internalizing and externalizing symptoms are more frequently bullied. However, the bidirectional associations between bullying victimization and internalizing and externalizing symptoms and the underlying mechanisms remain underexplored in adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between bullying victimization and internalizing and externalizing symptoms among adolescents, and the longitudinal mediating role of executive functions in these associations, distinguishing between-person and within-person effects.
methodsA final sample of 593 Chinese adolescents (274 females; M
resultsAfter accounting for between-person effects, bullying victimization positively predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms, but internalizing and externalizing symptoms didn't predict bullying victimization across time points at the within-person level. In addition, executive functions at T2 played a longitudinal mediating role in the associations between bullying victimization at T1 and internalizing and externalizing symptoms at T3.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that bullying victimization consistently increases the risk for problem behaviors during early adolescence, and impaired executive functions could serve as a cognitive pathway under these associations.
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