ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026
Association of a dual-index phenotype and early ICU reassessment with 28-day in-hospital mortality in cardiogenic shock: a single-center observational cohort study.
Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) carries high short-term mortality. In this study, we test whether coexisting hypoalbuminemia and hyperchloremia (dual-index phenotype, DIP) and early intensive care unit (ICU) reassessment are associated with 28-day in-hospital mortality. Methods: In this single-center prospective observational cohort study (January 2021-December 2025), DIP was defined as albumin <35 g/L and chloride >110 mmol/L on paired laboratories within 0-6 h of ICU admission. We used a prespecified 30 h landmark: patients alive and still in the ICU at 30 h formed the analytic cohort, and outcome follow-up began at the landmark. A subset with a second paired assessment at 18-30 h was categorized as non-DIP → non-DIP, non-DIP → DIP, DIP → non-DIP, and DIP → DIP. Sensitivity analyses included baseline-only adjustment, propensity-score overlap weighting, Fine-Gray competing-risk modeling, and exploratory incremental prognostic performance assessment. Results: Among 982 screened admissions, 444 patients alive and still in the ICU at 30 h comprised the analytic cohort; 74/444 (16.7%) had baseline DIP. The 28-day in-hospital mortality rate was 18.2% (81/444) and was higher in DIP than in non-DIP (37.8% vs. 14.3%). In the 30-h conditional model, baseline DIP remained associated with mortality [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30-4.64; Conclusions: Among CS patients alive and still in the ICU at 30 h, baseline DIP and persistence of DIP by approximately 24 h identified a subgroup at higher risk of 28-day in-hospital death. The association was robust in baseline-only, propensity-weighted, and competing-risk sensitivity analyses, but trajectory findings remained exploratory because of small subgroup sizes. These findings apply to the selected 30 h survivor cohort and should not be used as an ICU-admission prognostic model or extrapolated to early deaths, early ICU transfers, or patients without paired early laboratories without external validation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.