ArticleBioactive materials2026
-30°C-operable bioadhesive hydrogel sensors for embryonic-like skin regeneration and real-time wound monitoring.
Article in Bioactive materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydrogel-based biosensors are promising for on-skin and in situ wound monitoring owing to their softness and biocompatibility, yet their practical deployment remains hindered by subzero failure caused by water crystallization, unstable adhesion on moist/exudative tissues, and limited ability to regulate the wound microenvironment. Here, we report an antifreezing, electroactive, and robust adhesive hydrogel bioadhesive sensor based on polyethylene glycol, a glycerol/water binary solvent, and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (PEG/Gly/CNT). The glycerol-water hydrogen-bonding network suppresses ice crystallization, enabling stable operation at -30°C, while an optimized 3 wt% CNT percolation network provides electroactivity and mechanical reinforcement. The resulting sensor exhibits strong wet-tissue adhesion (41.50 ± 1.62 kPa) and maintains high conductivity (2.07 ± 0.20 S/m) and high strain sensitivity (GF = 2.61) at -30°C, supporting wide-range linear strain sensing with rapid and stable signal readout under deformation. Beyond monitoring, the PEG/Gly/CNT facilitates microenvironmental regulation by endogenous bioelectrical signaling transmission at the wound interface. In a diabetic full-thickness skin wound model, the sensor enables continuous electrical readouts during healing and significantly accelerates wound closure (99.63 ± 0.41% recovery on day 12), accompanied by increased collagen type III deposition and an elevated MMP-9/α-SMA ratio, indicating embryonic-like remodeling. Moreover, conformal adhesion to dynamic tissues and real-time signal acquisition are demonstrated on Bama miniature pig cardiac wounds. This subzero-operable, bioadhesive, and electroactive hydrogel platform addresses key limitations of current hydrogel biosensors and offers reliable deployment and sensing in extreme-cold environments, while supporting tissue repair under physiological conditions and enabling cardiovascular monitoring.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.