ArticleJAACAP open2026
Childhood Maltreatment in the Context of Familial Bipolar I Disorder Risk Predicts Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescents.
Article in JAACAP open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: To quantify associations between childhood maltreatment and emerging major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents/young adults with and without a first-degree family history of bipolar I disorder. Method: A total of 116 youths 14 to 21 years old were classified into a high-risk group (n = 58) based on at least 1 first-degree relative diagnosed with bipolar I disorder and a low-risk group (n = 58) based on no first- or second-degree family history of bipolar disorder. Childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Psychiatric diagnoses were established with semistructured interviews. Logistic regression tested interactions between childhood maltreatment and familial risk, controlling for age and sex, as predictors of MDD. Results: Half of participants in the high-risk group exhibited current or past MDD compared with 24% of the low-risk group. Regression models showed that each 1-point increase in CTQ-SF total score was associated with a 7% increase in the odds of MDD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.17, Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment and familial risk for bipolar I disorder independently increase the risk of MDD. Mitigating either risk factor independently could meaningfully reduce depression risk in at-risk youth. Diversity & Inclusion Statement: We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group.
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