ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Nano-adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity and safety of infectious bursal disease virus vaccines: a comprehensive review.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) remains a major global threat to poultry, causing severe immunosuppression and substantial economic losses. Existing vaccines live-attenuated, inactivated, and subunit provide incomplete protection and face challenges of safety, antigenic mismatch, and repeated dosing requirements. Nano-adjuvant technologies offer a transformative solution, enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, stability, and targeted delivery. Platforms include lipid nanoparticles, polymeric systems, virosomes, mesoporous silica, polysaccharides, and nanoemulsions elicit robust humoral and cellular immune responses, promote Th1/Th2 balance, and enable dose-sparing strategies. Toll-like receptor agonist-loaded nano-adjuvants further amplify dendritic cell activation, antigen presentation, and durable memory responses. Virus-like particles and virosomes structurally mimic IBDV antigens, enhancing immunogenicity without the risks of viral replication. Rational integration of precise antigen selection, multifunctional nano-adjuvants, and advanced delivery approaches promises next-generation vaccines capable of broad, long-lasting protection against very virulent and emerging IBDV variants. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize poultry vaccination, offering safer, more effective, and globally deployable strategies to safeguard poultry health and productivity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.