ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Recent advances in dissolving microneedles for breast cancer immunotherapy: local delivery and tumor microenvironment remodeling.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Localized immunotherapy via dissolving microneedles for the prevention of breast cancer recurrence.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer is generally characterized by limited immunogenicity. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) provide survival benefits in a subset of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), overall response rates remain limited and are accompanied by pronounced therapeutic heterogeneity and systemic immune-related adverse events. The immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), characterized by restricted antigen presentation, limited effector T-cell infiltration, and enrichment of immunosuppressive cell populations, represents a key barrier to durable immunotherapy benefit. Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) represent a minimally invasive transdermal delivery system that bypasses the stratum corneum barrier. They enable the delivery of antigens and immunomodulatory molecules into the epidermis and superficial dermis enriched in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby facilitating efficient peripheral immune priming while reducing systemic exposure. This review summarizes the material composition and microstructural design of DMNs, their transdermal immunodelivery characteristics, and recent advances in breast cancer immunotherapy. It further highlights the mechanisms by which DMNs mediate peripheral immune activation and remodel the TIME, as well as their potential in combination with other immunotherapeutic strategies. Overall, DMNs represent a promising strategy that may improve the efficacy and safety of breast cancer immunotherapy by enabling localized delivery, efficient peripheral activation, and coordinated microenvironment remodeling.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.