ArticleBMC health services research2026
Building resilient and response-ready influenza vaccination programs for pandemic preparedness: a comparative analysis from five middle-income countries.
Article in BMC health services research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza vaccination programs are critical in reducing the morbidity and mortality from seasonal influenza and bolstering pandemic preparedness. However, there is a notable lack of information about the factors contributing to resilient and response-ready influenza vaccination programs in middle-income countries (MICs). This study set out to identify determinants of resilient and response-ready seasonal influenza vaccination programs in MICs.
methodsThis study used a collective case study design to analyze structural and programmatic elements of resiliency and response-readiness within MIC influenza vaccination programs. A multi-step process was used to select suitable countries for the case study analysis, including an initial literature landscaping of MICs, stakeholder mapping, and an online scoping survey. A conceptual framework was developed to guide analysis across six determinants of resilient and response-ready programs: political, economic, structural, communication & education, socio-behavioral, and COVID-19 response. Data for the selected case studies were gathered via a narrative literature review (initial search conducted January-September 2022) and stakeholder consultations with 27 stakeholders (held between June and September 2022). Findings from the literature review and stakeholder consultations were analyzed using the framework to identify key themes related to influenza vaccination program resiliency and response-readiness.
resultsFive countries - Albania, Bolivia, Brazil, South Africa, and Thailand - met the study selection criteria and were selected as geographically diverse case studies. Five key themes emerged as consistent indicators of resilient and response-ready influenza vaccination programs: 1) building research capacity and a clear pathway from evidence to policy creates resilient and responsive influenza programs; 2) diversified procurement mechanisms help ensure a reliable supply of influenza vaccines; 3) healthcare workers are essential partners for implementing resilient and response-ready influenza vaccination programs; 4) demand generation is key to driving and maintaining influenza vaccine uptake; and 5) building and maintaining seasonal influenza vaccine infrastructure contributes to pandemic preparedness.
conclusionsThe findings offer valuable insights and actionable guidance to improve influenza vaccination program resiliency and response-readiness in MICs and more broadly. Strengthening areas highlighted in this evaluation can help countries improve influenza vaccination coverage while building greater program resilience and readiness to respond to future public health threats, including influenza pandemics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.