Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42219460›Full record

ArticleBMC plant biology2026

Co-application of biochar and cow manure enhances growth, yield and soil chemical properties under spinach production.

Cosmas Wacal, Ronald Buwa, Jackson Nyakahuma, Patrick Kirungi, Thaddeo Kahigwa Tibasiima, Jacob Kaingo, Deogratius Luyima, Joseph Okello, Geoffrey Levuason Candia, Bruce Robin Nyamweha

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC plant biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Cosmas WacalDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda. cosmas.wacal@mmu.ac.ug.
Ronald BuwaDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.
Jackson NyakahumaDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.
Patrick KirungiDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.
Thaddeo Kahigwa TibasiimaDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P. O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.
Jacob KaingoDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.
Deogratius LuyimaDepartment of Soil Science & Land Use Management, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Joseph OkelloDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.
Geoffrey Levuason CandiaDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.
Bruce Robin NyamwehaDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDeclining soil fertility remains a major constraint to vegetable production in tropical regions, necessitating sustainable and efficient nutrient management strategies. This study evaluated the effects of biochar, cow manure and their co-application on growth, yield and soil chemical properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under field conditions in western Uganda. A field experiment conducted in 2025 tested four treatments: control, biochar alone (50 t ha

resultsResults indicate that the co-application of biochar and manure produced the tallest plants (45.6 cm), approximately 120% taller than the control (20.7 cm), and increased plant height by 35.7% compared to biochar alone. Similarly, the highest yield (22.5 t ha

conclusionOverall, the co-application of biochar and manure enhanced spinach productivity and soil fertility in tropical systems.

Indexed as

CharcoalManureSoilSpinacia oleraceaAnimalsCattleFertilizersbiocharCharcoalFertilizersManureSoilBiocharCo-applicationManureOrganic amendmentsSoil chemical propertiesSpinach

Identifiers

PMID42219460
PMCPMC13436315

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.