Trial reportJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2026
Selected immunoendocrine and performance adaptations to upper-body plyometric training and β-alanine supplementation in male swimmers.
Trial report in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundUpper-body plyometric training (PT) enhances neuromuscular performance and power production. However, its application in swimming and its potential interaction with β-alanine (BA) supplementation remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated the combined effects of upper-body PT and BA supplementation on performance and immunoendocrine adaptations in trained male swimmers.
methodsThirty trained male swimmers (age: 25.7 ± 2.6 years; height: 1.83 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 81.6 ± 3.2 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: PT + BA, PT + placebo (PL), or control (CON). Participants in the PT groups completed an 8-week upper-body PT program (2 sessions·week⁻¹). Each session consisted of upper-body plyometric exercises performed for 3-4 sets of 12-16 repetitions with 120 s rest between sets. Participants in the supplementation groups ingested β-alanine (4.8 g·day⁻¹ divided into six 0.8 g doses) or a matched placebo daily throughout the intervention. Assessments conducted before and after the intervention included medicine ball throw (MBT), push-up endurance, one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, swim ergometer peak and mean power output (PPO and MPO), and 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle performance. Blood samples were also collected pre- and post-intervention to determine testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations.
resultsBoth PT groups showed significant improvements in all performance outcomes compared with baseline (all p < 0.05), with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Post hoc analyses revealed a significant group × time interaction for MBT (p = 0.045), push-up endurance (p = 0.041), PPO (p = 0.026), and MPO (p = 0.033), indicating greater improvements in the PT + BA group than in the PT + PL group. In addition, following the training intervention, the PT + BA group showed significant changes in testosterone (p = 0.011), cortisol (p = 0.028), and IgA (p = 0.042) concentrations compared with the PT + PL group.
conclusionsEight weeks of upper-body PT significantly enhanced upper-body power, anaerobic capacity, and swimming performance in trained male swimmers. BA supplementation further amplified these training-induced adaptations and promoted a more favorable immunoendocrine adaptation profile. These findings suggest that combining upper-body PT with β-alanine supplementation may provide synergistic benefits for performance development and physiological recovery in competitive swimmers.
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