ArticleBMC psychology2026
Household living conditions and mental health of youth and adults: differences between urban and rural regions.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmong a broader set of household assets that support healthy living, access to water, a refrigerator, air conditioning, and domestic help may be especially relevant for mental health. However, these components of household living conditions vary substantially across regions and have rarely been examined in relation to mental health. This study examines how these key household living conditions relate to depression and anxiety among children and adolescents (i.e., youth) and adults, while also exploring urban and rural differences in these associations.
methodsParticipants were interviewed in collaboration with the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) that has been conducting a longitudinal survey covering 98% of India's population. The current analysis is based on mental health data collected in June 2023, including 8,205 households living in rural regions and 19,979 households living in urban regions. These households were composed of 29,188 members in rural regions and 67,351 members in urban regions. Among these household members, 37,453 adults provided information on their own depression and anxiety, and 20,397 adults reported on the depression, and 19,363 on the anxiety of youth living in the household.
resultsOverall, having unlimited access to water, a refrigerator, and domestic help was associated with lower depression and anxiety among youth and adults. Specifically, having a refrigerator and domestic help were related to lower depression and anxiety when individuals live in rural settings compared to urban ones, whereas air conditioning and water access were linked to lower depression and anxiety in urban settings.
conclusionsThese findings highlight the connection between these living conditions and mental well-being, suggesting that interventions targeting mental health should be designed with the understanding that less access to water, refrigerator, air conditioning, and domestic help is related to poorer mental health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.