Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42218293›Full record

ArticleNPJ precision oncology2026

Distinctive features of the tumor and immune microenvironment in glioblastoma.

Elena Shklovskaya, Bernadette Pedersen, Su Yin Lim, Mal Irvine, Jesse R Brown, Andreia V Pinho, Brindha Shivalingam, Alexander M Menzies, Laveniya Satgunaseelan, Kimberley L Alexander and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ precision oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Elena ShklovskayaMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Bernadette PedersenMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Su Yin LimMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Mal IrvineMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Jesse R BrownMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Andreia V PinhoMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Brindha ShivalingamMelanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Alexander M MenziesMelanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Laveniya SatgunaseelanFaculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Kimberley L AlexanderBrain Cancer Research Program, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
Antonio Di IevaComputational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab & Macquarie Neurosurgery, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Georgina V LongMelanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Wei Yen ChanMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Helen RizosMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. helen.rizos@mq.edu.au.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have improved outcomes for asymptomatic patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) but have delivered limited benefit in glioblastoma (GBM). Defining context-dependent features of ICI response is critical for tailoring effective therapeutic strategies and improving GBM patient outcomes. Multiparameter flow cytometry analyses of immune composition and activation status were performed on 110 tumor cell suspensions obtained from cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirates (CUSA) specimens (n = 40), and surgically resected GBM (n = 21) and MBM (n = 49) tumors. GBM tumors exhibited marked phenotypic heterogeneity, frequently co-expressing stem-like and differentiation markers. GBM stemness correlated with increased macrophage infiltration and reduced T cell abundance, implicating plasticity in the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Compared to MBM, GBM showed a marked paucity of T cells, an enrichment of myeloid cells, downregulated MHC-I, and elevated PD-L2 expression on tumor cells. Multiplex immunostaining performed on a subset of GBM samples, confirmed myeloid predominance and indicated pronounced spatial heterogeneity. However, the presence of antigen-experienced T cells and preserved IFNγ signaling indicates a latent potential for immune engagement. These findings provide a rationale for ICI-based combinations designed to restore effective anti-tumor immunity in GBM.

Identifiers

PMID42218293
PMCPMC13518919

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.