Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42217090›Full record

ArticleActa neurochirurgica2026

Mixed reality applied to surgical planning and tailoring of carotid endarterectomies.

Elisa Colombo, Marcella Cavelli, Luca Regli, Jorn Fierstra, Martina Sebök, Menno R Germans, Tristan van Doormaal, Giuseppe Esposito

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Acta neurochirurgica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Elisa ColomboDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Elisa.colombo@usz.ch.
Marcella CavelliDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Luca RegliDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Jorn FierstraDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Martina SebökDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Menno R GermansDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Tristan van Doormaal *Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Giuseppe Esposito *Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposePerioperative three-dimensional (3D) anatomical visualization with mixed reality (MxR) may have a relevant impact on adequate carotid endarterectomy (CEA) planning compared to standard imaging studies, by highlighting patient specific anatomical features and allowing the rehearsal of the relevant surgical steps in 3D.

methodsAll consecutive CEAs planned with MxR between January 2022 and July 2024 were prospectively included. Using the preoperative head and neck CT-angiography (CTA) and/or MR-angiography (MRA), skin, skull, cervical spine and vascular anatomy including plaques were segmented. The resulting 3D interactive reconstructed object was matched on the patient with MxR glasses in the operating room after patient positioning and drawing initial skin incision. The impact of 3D visualization on surgical planning and anatomical understanding was documented and usability testing was performed.

resultsForty-nine CEAs were included. Mean 3D reconstruction preparation time was 17 ± 8 min. Mean duration of intraoperative 3D reconstruction use was 5 ± 2 min. The supervising surgeon significantly altered (shortening) the skin incision in 16 cases (33%). Higher scores were given to the domains Ease of Use and Satisfaction.

conclusionsCEA planning with MxR seems to have an impact on anatomical understanding for both less experienced neurosurgeons and highly experienced neurosurgeons performing more than 25 CEAs per year. Future research should focus on quantification of the benefits in surgical training and assess the impact on surgical outcomes.

Indexed as

Augmented RealityCarotid StenosisEndarterectomy, CarotidImaging, Three-DimensionalSurgery, Computer-AssistedAgedComputed Tomography AngiographyFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance AngiographyMaleMiddle AgedProspective Studies3D visualizationCarotid endarterectomyCerebral ischemiaMixed realitySurgical planningSurgical revascularization

Identifiers

PMID42217090
PMCPMC13427836

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.