ArticleArchives of microbiology2026
Bioinformatics-based B-cell epitope identification from Leptospira interrogans outer membrane proteins LIC11574 and LIC13411 for the rational development of a multi-epitope anti-Leptospira vaccine.
Article in Archives of microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally neglected zoonotic disease caused by the spirochete Leptospira interrogans, posing a major public health burden in tropical and subtropical regions. Although antibiotic therapy remains the primary treatment for most bacterial infections, L. interrogans has exhibited increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents, underscoring the need for alternative prophylactic strategies and prompting further research into B-cell peptide epitope-based vaccines as a long-term solution for disease control. This study explored the outer membrane proteins LIC11574 and LIC13411 as sources of B-cell epitopes for rational vaccine development. Using bioinformatics and immune simulations, candidate epitopes were identified based on antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and immunogenicity. A total of 69 16-mer and 68 18-mer epitopes were identified in LIC11574, while LIC13411 yielded 112 16-mer and 123 18-mer epitopes. Structural investigation revealed that the identified B-cell peptide epitopes were predominantly located within α-helical regions, whereas the remaining sequences were distributed across β-sheet structures and loop regions. The top-ranked B-cell peptide epitopes of LIC11574 and LIC13411, selected for their antigenic and non-allergenic characteristics, were successfully docked with the HLA-DRB1*15 molecule, exhibiting promising binding affinities ranging from - 12.6 to - 14.9 kcal/mol. Immune simulations also revealed that the constructed multi-epitope vaccines induced B-cell and helper T-cell activities, indicating a favorable host immune response. These findings support LIC11574 and LIC13411 as promising sources of B-cell peptide epitopes for the development of multi-epitope vaccines against leptospirosis. Further studies should validate their immunogenicity in vivo, optimize delivery systems, and assess stability.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42217038What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.