Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42216171›Full record

ArticleBMC medical education2026

Understanding burnout and engagement during medical residency: a multifactorial and longitudinal approach.

Anke Boone, Jonas Steel, Olivia Lavreysen, Marie-Claire Lambrechts, Sofie Vandenbroeck, Lutgart Braeckman, Nele Michels, Dirk Devroey, Ann Roex, Hanne Kindermans and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in BMC medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Anke BooneCentre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium. anke.boone@kuleuven.be.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4075-3571
Jonas SteelCentre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
Olivia LavreysenCentre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
Marie-Claire LambrechtsCentre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
Sofie VandenbroeckIDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Leuven, Belgium.
Lutgart BraeckmanDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
Nele MichelsICHO, Interuniversity Centre for General Practice Education, Leuven, Belgium.
Dirk DevroeyDepartment of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
Ann RoexDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
Hanne KindermansResearch group Healthcare and ethics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Lode GodderisCentre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.

Funding

KU Leuven (Category 3) C3/20/040
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe residency period constitutes a critical phase of medical training, during which increasing clinical and professional responsibilities influence residents' well-being. Grounded in the Job Demands-Resources model, this study investigates how burnout and engagement evolve during this period and examines their associations with specific demands, resources, and personality traits.

methodsBetween 2021 and 2025, data were collected annually via an online survey administered to medical residents from five Belgian universities (n = 1068). Burnout dimensions (i.e., emotional exhaustion, cynicism and reduced professional efficacy) and engagement were assessed alongside their associations with demands, resources, and personality traits. Linear mixed-effects models estimated the relationships between independent and dependent variables.

resultsThe findings show that emotional exhaustion and cynicism modestly but gradually increased over time, while engagement slightly declined and professional efficacy remained stable. Work-home conflict showed the strongest association with the outcomes, while meaningfulness was identified as the most prominent resource and neuroticism as the strongest personal factor consistently linked to all outcome variables.

conclusionsThese findings highlight the urgent need for structural interventions within residency programs to address key demands and strengthen meaningful work, while recognizing neuroticism as a vulnerability factor in protecting residents' well-being. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

Indexed as

Burnout, ProfessionalInternship and ResidencyAdultBelgiumEmotional ExhaustionFemaleHumansJob SatisfactionLongitudinal StudiesMaleSurveys and QuestionnairesBurnoutEngagementHealthcareLongitudinalMedical educationResidency

Identifiers

PMID42216171
PMCPMC13330380

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.