ArticleJournal of translational medicine2026
Engineering RVG-modified exosomes for targeting TGF-β1 signaling in stroke recovery.
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the role of TGF-β1 signaling in astrocyte-neuron interactions after ischemic stroke and to develop a brain-targeted engineered exosome system, EXO-RVG-SD208, for promoting neural repair.
methodsPublic datasets and transcriptomic analyses were used to characterize the dynamic changes of TGF-β1 after stroke, and key targets were identified through GO, KEGG, and WGCNA analyses. A brain-targeted engineered exosome, EXO-RVG-SD208, was constructed and characterized for its physicochemical properties. Its inhibitory effect on the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway in astrocytes and its neuroregenerative potential were evaluated in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and neuron-astrocyte co-culture models. Therapeutic efficacy was further assessed in a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model. Integrated multi-omics analyses were performed to explore the downstream mechanisms involved in neural repair.
resultsTGF-β1 was markedly upregulated after stroke and was predominantly derived from astrocytes, where it was closely associated with neuroinflammation and impaired neuroplasticity. EXO-RVG-SD208 effectively inhibited activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway, promoted astrocyte phenotypic remodeling, enhanced neuronal synaptic activity, and improved functional recovery in MCAO/R mice. Multi-omics analyses further indicated that the therapeutic effects were associated with the regulation of mTOR, BDNF, and MAPK-related pathways.
conclusionEXO-RVG-SD208 effectively delivered TGF-β1 inhibitor to the brain, suppressed astrocytic TGF-β1/Smad2/3 activation, facilitated astrocyte-neuron remodeling, synaptic reconstruction, and neural functional recovery, presenting a promising nanodelivery strategy for stroke rehabilitation.
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