ArticleEating behaviors2026
Athletes' relationships to training: Validation of an assessment tool across female and male athletes.
Article in Eating behaviors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveReasons for exercise training are often adaptive (e.g., athletic achievement), but for some athletes, their relationship with training can include a maladaptive desire for weight loss, which can increase risk for eating-disorder pathology. Prior validation of the Athletes' Relationships to Training scale (ART) supported its validity among female athletes. The current study extended this work to compare psychometric properties of the ART among female and male athletes; we expected the measure to perform similarly across sexes.
methodsWe conducted confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in the full sample and measurement invariance tests separated by self-reported sex in young-adult athletes from three universities (N = 424, 44.3% male, M[SD]age = 18.9[1.3] years). Pearson correlations tested associations among ART scores with other psychological symptoms to evaluate construct validity, and t-tests evaluated mean group differences in ART scores between males and females.
resultsThe ART's four-factor structure replicated in the full sample, and in males and females separately with good fit. Results from multi-group CFA analyses supported measurement invariance between males and females. There was support for construct validity, such that overall correlations among the ART, maladaptive exercise measures, and eating-disorder pathology were higher relative to correlations with anxiety and depression. Compared to females, males scored significantly higher on the ART total and all subscale scores, with the exception of Body Dissatisfaction. DISCUSSION: Results provided preliminary evidence that the ART can be used to assess maladaptive training behaviors among both male and female young-adult athletes, thereby informing interventions designed to improve exercise motivation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.