ArticleScience advances2026
An antiswelling biodegradable hydrogel reshapes electro-microenvironment to drive endogenous neuroregeneration after brain defect.
Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Immuno-engineered conductive hydrogels: Bridging neural signaling and microenvironmental remodeling for neural repair.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bioactive matrix filling is a promising strategy for treating acute traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related substantial brain defects, requiring a dual-functional matrix that resists swelling and remodels microenvironments for endogenous regeneration. Herein, we design an antiswelling, biodegradable adhesive hydrogel through supramolecular self-assembly of two Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs (lipoic acid and metformin) via multi-hydrogen bonding with precise regulation of solution pH. This hydrogel matrix recapitulates critical native brain tissue characteristics, including mechanical and electrical compatibility. During degradation, released lipoic acid remodels the injury site into a proregenerative niche, while metformin promotes spontaneous recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) to defect area. Integrated with a flexible cortical electrode and exogenous electrical stimulation, this system further directs NSC differentiation into functional neurons. In a substantial brain defect rat model, this strategy achieves a 14.8-fold increase in NSC recruitment and an 11.3-fold enhancement in neuronal differentiation, leading to a 78% reduction in tissue defect volume and notable functional recovery. This work establishes a therapeutic paradigm for endogenous repair after TBI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.