ArticleHealth expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy2026
Co-Designing a Care Pathway for Healthcare Professionals to Recognise and Respond to Human Trafficking Victims in Emergency Departments.
Article in Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundVictims of human trafficking frequently present to emergency departments (EDs) while being exploited; however, many remain unrecognised by healthcare professionals. Creating spaces where survivors and healthcare professionals can engage provided a unique opportunity to generate a care pathway which increases the likelihood of implementation as the needs and expectations of the victim and healthcare professionals are considered.
objectiveTo describe the process and outcome of experience-based co-design of a care pathway that enables healthcare professionals to recognise and respond to human trafficking victims in EDs.
designExperience-based co-design. SETTING AND
participantsTwenty-seven individuals participated in two co-design events. The in-person event included six registered nurses, one social worker, three trauma counsellors, one psychologist and four survivors. Twelve participants took part in a virtual event, comprising six medical doctors, two pre-hospital medical personnel, one counsellor, one psychologist and two survivors.
interventionData from the co-design events were analysed using a creative hermeneutic approach. Co-designers generated the care pathway using data from a mapping review, interviews with victims of human trafficking and focus groups with healthcare professionals.
resultsThe in-person group identified five themes, including education, safety, alertness, compassion, nurturing and action. The online event highlighted information sharing, special victim champion, safety and security, primary response and awareness. The themes were combined into three main themes, namely education and awareness, safety and security and human disposition, underpinned by compassion, non-judgement, trustworthiness and trauma-informed care.
conclusionsThe co-designed care pathway prioritises education and awareness to help healthcare professionals recognise and respond to potential trafficking victims in EDs. The care process can be initiated using 'Code Orange', supporting coordinated, interprofessional and comprehensive interventions. Using a person-centred, trauma-informed approach, the care pathway emphasises safety, security and compassion for both victims and healthcare professionals. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Survivors and healthcare professionals co-designed the care pathway.
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