ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Multi-target litholytic strategy toward calcium oxalate stone therapy: a fundamental study.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Kidney stones, particularly calcium oxalate stones, present a significant global health challenge due to their high recurrence rate and limited non-surgical treatments. This study aims to develop a novel, efficient, and safe multi-target preparation to address post-surgical residual stones and recurrence. Methods: Targeted drugs were screened against calcium oxalate stone components-crystals, matrix proteins, and microorganisms-using Results: The drug screening revealed that both sodium polyphosphate and citric acid monohydrate effectively dissolved calcium oxalate stones, with sodium polyphosphate proving more effective. Ammonium sulfate and trypsin effectively targeted the matrix proteins in these stones, but ammonium sulfate, despite being more effective, was excluded due to high cytotoxicity. Lysozyme and piperacillin-tazobactam sodium were effective against microorganisms in the stones; however, piperacillin-tazobactam sodium was excluded for its instability in the compound solution, while lysozyme was chosen for its stability. Following a comparative analysis of various compatibility schemes, the final components of MTCLS were determined to be sodium polyphosphate, citric acid monohydrate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, trypsin, and lysozyme. Compared to TCD, MTCLS exhibited a slightly higher cell survival rate. No significant differences were observed in liver and kidney function tests, histopathological examinations of gastric and bladder tissues (H&E staining), bladder mast cell counts, or immunohistochemical analyses of bladder Uroplakin III, E-Cadherin, TNF-α, IL-1 Beta, and NLRP3. These findings indicate that MTCLS did not cause significant liver or kidney damage, nor did it induce bladder inflammation or compromise mucosal integrity. Conclusion: MTCLS exhibited greater dissolution efficacy for calcium oxalate stones compared with citrate
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