ArticleDrug design, development and therapy2026
Co-Administration of MPC Polymer Enhances the Ocular Absorption and Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effect of Timolol Maleate.
Article in Drug design, development and therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: We previously developed a novel 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-based polymer (MPCP) containing a zwitterionic stearyl methacrylate moiety and an acrylic functional group, which significantly improved moisture retention on the ocular surface. In this study, we investigated whether incorporating 0.1% MPCP into 0.25% or 0.5% timolol maleate (TM) ophthalmic formulations could enhance the ocular surface retention, corneal permeability, and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of TM. Methods: Male Wistar rats (7 weeks old) and male adult rabbits (body weight: 2.39 ± 0.71 kg) were used to evaluate ocular surface retention and corneal permeability of TM. IOP-lowering efficacy of TM was evaluated using a rabbit treated with 5% glucose solution (high IOP model). Results: The TM ophthalmic formulations with MPCP (TM@MPCP-OF) were transparent, with MPCP nanoparticles (mean particle size 80.7 nm) dispersed in the formulation, and exhibited stable viscosity, regardless of the presence of MPCP (approximately 0.95-1.1 mPa∙s). The addition of MPCP reduced cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) and caused no damage after repeated instillation in rats. Moreover, the combination with MPCP improved TM retention on the ocular surface and increased the corneal TM concentration and aqueous humor penetration after the instillation of TM@MPCP-OF. In addition, the corneal permeability-enhancing effect of MPCP on the TM was more pronounced with TM@MPCP-OF containing 0.5% TM than with TM@MPCP-OF containing 0.25% TM. Furthermore, compared with the TM ophthalmic formulation alone, MPCP co-administration significantly prolonged the duration and magnitude of the IOP-lowering effect of TM in a rabbit model of acute ocular hypertension. Conclusion: These findings indicate that MPCP is a safe and biocompatible additive that enhances the pharmacological performance of ophthalmic formulations and may contribute to the development of improved and longer-acting antiglaucoma medications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.