Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42211690›Full record

ArticleNational science review2026

3D printable shape-customized hydrogel thermocells.

Lili Liu, Yiwen Bo, Ding Zhang, Jiaqi Guo, Wenqi Fan, Ruohan Niu, Xin Guo, Xiaotian Jiang, Rujun Ma

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in National science review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Lili LiuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Yiwen BoSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Ding ZhangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Jiaqi GuoSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Wenqi FanSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Ruohan NiuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Xin GuoSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Xiaotian JiangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
Rujun MaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hydrogel thermocells based on the thermogalvanic effect hold significant promise for energy harvesting and flexible electronics due to their excellent heat-to-electric conversion and stretchability. However, mismatched contact surfaces between bulk hydrogel thermocells and complex heat-source geometries often lead to poor heat utilization and reduced conversion efficiency. While 3D printing can create structures that match these complex interfaces, direct printing of hydrogel thermocells remains challenging due to issues such as water evaporation and the incompatibility of redox couples with photopolymer inks. To overcome these challenges, we combine 3D digital light processing with a thermoelectric (TE) solvent-exchange strategy, enabling the precise customization of stretchable hydrogel thermocells (DHFGs) that conform to specific heat-source geometries. Nonvolatile deep eutectic solvents in the photopolymer ink precursors form robust eutectogel networks through ultraviolet-initiated polymerization, ensuring high structural fidelity (down to 130 μm). The resulting 3D-printed thermocells exhibit excellent TE performance (3.5 mV K

Indexed as

3D printingcustomized designhydrogel thermocellsmaximized heat utilizationthermoelectric conversion

Identifiers

PMID42211690
PMCPMC13215097

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.