ArticleFrontiers in surgery2026
Ventilatory failure following active humidification of a retained HMEF in an intubated infant: a case report.
Article in Frontiers in surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Heat and moisture exchanger filters (HMEFs) provide passive humidification and microbial filtration during pediatric anesthesia, but their apparatus dead space and flow resistance-trivial in adults-may represent a clinically important fraction of tidal volume in infants. Progressive moisture saturation further increases resistance, and simultaneous use with an active heated humidifier can precipitate circuit occlusion. Case presentation: A 13-month-old boy undergoing ophthalmologic surgery developed wheezing, progressively rising peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and hypercapnia (PaCO Conclusions: An unremoved HMEF exposed to active heated humidification can cause fulminant ventilatory failure in infants. HMEF dead space, saturation status, and humidifier compatibility must be explicitly verified before and during every pediatric perioperative transfer.
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