ArticleiScience2026
Optical insights into spatial precision and release heterogeneity of neuromodulatory transmission.
Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Intercellular communication via neuromodulatory transmitters, such as serotonin (5-HT) and oxytocin (OXT), underlies a broad range of physiological functions. Although neuromodulatory signaling has traditionally been considered slow, diffuse, and homogeneous volume transmission, accumulating evidence indicates that it can also engage spatially restricted hotspots with high specificity. Studying these modes of transmission has been challenging due to limitations in measuring transmitter release with millisecond precision and single-synapse resolution. Recent advances in imaging and genetically encoded indicators (GEIs) have enabled optical quantal analysis of neuromodulator release with near single-synapse/varicosity precision. In this context, we highlight variability in presynaptic release properties shaping neuromodulatory signaling by decoding quantal size, release probability, readily releasable pool (RRP), and refilling rates-across neuronal subtypes and compartments. We reveal striking heterogeneity in these systems, providing a potential mechanistic basis for how different transmitters, or even a single transmitter, mediate distinct neuromodulatory roles relevant to behavior and function.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.