ArticleBMC chemistry2026
Sustainable electrochemical detection of benoxinate using MnO₂/MWCNT carbon paste electrode.
Article in BMC chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
A green electrochemical sensor utilizing pomegranate-peel-derived δ-MnO₂ nanoparticles combined with multiwalled carbon nanotubes was created as a carbon paste electrode (δ-MnO₂/MWCNTs/CPE) for the precise detection of benoxinate (BNX) in ophthalmic formulations. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the modified electrode displayed the greatest electroactive surface area among the evaluated compositions, resulting in a significant improvement in BNX oxidation. An improved electrode formulation including 1.5% (w/w) MWCNTs and 1.5% (w/w) birnessite (δ-MnO₂) attained peak current responsiveness and analytical sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, the anodic peak current exhibited remarkable linearity with BNX content (r² = 0.999), whereas kinetic analyses indicated a diffusion-controlled electro-oxidation process. The sensor demonstrated remarkable selectivity, with signal changes of less than ± 2% in the presence of typical tear electrolytes, thus proving minimal interference. The suggested approach has elevated sensitivity and precision, featuring a low detection limit of 2.1 × 10⁻⁸ M and a quantification limit of 6.3 × 10⁻⁸ M. Due to its eco-friendly synthesis, durability, and analytical efficacy, the δ-MnO₂/MWCNTs/CPE platform is very appropriate for the trace-level measurement of BNX in standard pharmaceutical analysis.
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