ArticleInjury epidemiology2026
A descriptive analysis of the Fire service Organizational Culture of Safety (FOCUS) survey: FOCUS 3.0 survey wave.
Article in Injury epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Fire service Organizational Culture of Safety (FOCUS) survey, is an industry-specific assessment tool used to examine aspects of safety climate and leadership, safety behaviors, organizational outcomes, and mental health outcomes. The FOCUS survey provides participating U.S. fire departments with critical information to improve their work environment. The current iteration of the survey (FOCUS 3.0) includes expanded leadership and mental health modules.
methodsThis study consisted of a convenience sample of 9,078 firefighters nested within 89 fire departments (career, combination, volunteer) who assessed with the FOCUS 3.0 survey wave. A descriptive epidemiologic analysis of the FOCUS 3.0 survey metrics was conducted. We examined individual-level and department-level characteristics for the participating departments as well as average department scores. Pearson correlation matrices identified potential relationships between the survey metrics.
resultsOf the 9,078 individuals included in our analysis, the majority were male (88.3%), straight (89.7%), non-officers (66.1%), and non-veterans (83.4%). Our sample consisted of majority career departments (67.4%), with an average of 11 stations, and more than 5,000 calls per year (67.4%). Supervisor support for safety scores were on average 14-points higher than management commitment to safety scores. On average, 12% of respondents endorsed depression symptoms, 10% of respondents reported having anxiety symptoms, and 9% of respondents reported having suicidal ideations within the past month. We observed high positive correlations between management commitment to safety and four leadership metrics (participation in decision making, leadership communication, safety-specific transformational leadership, team psychological safety). Additionally, management commitment to safety was highly negatively correlated with emotional exhaustion (burnout), intent to leave the profession, and mental health metrics.
conclusionsThe findings from this study of FOCUS 3.0 departments are consistent with prior FOCUS waves (beta-test, 1.0, and 2.0). This study identified that the newly added leadership metrics are highly correlated with safety climate metrics. Thus, they may be avenues for departments to improve their organizational safety climate. This study provides an important first look into the proportion of firefighters who participated in FOCUS 3.0 that experience mental health symptoms. Future research should further investigate the mental health metrics and relationships with safety climate.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.