ArticleMolecular cancer2026
NSCLC brain metastases exhibit reduced HLA-I antigen presentation machinery and immune evasion independent of IFNγ signaling defects.
Article in Molecular cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundPatients with lung cancer brain metastases can benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, intracranial responses are often limited and not always concordant with activity seen in extracranial disease. Defects in IFNγ signaling and HLA class-I antigen presentation machinery (APM) on malignant cells can drive immune evasion and ICI resistance, and have traditionally been viewed as interdependent. The possible role of these alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain progression remains poorly understood.
methodsUsing multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence, we measured and spatially mapped IFNγ signaling markers (pSTAT1 and IRF1) and multiple HLA class-I APM components (β2M, PSMB8, PSMB9, PSMB10, TAP1, TAP2, Tapasin, Calreticulin, and ERp57) in cancer cells and neighboring non-malignant stromal cells from two patient cohorts, including primary tumors, intra- and extra-cranial NSCLC metastases. We also studied tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) subpopulations in the cohorts, performed whole transcriptomic analysis of parental human NSCLC H2030 cells and their brain metastatic counterpart H2030-BrM3, and expanded the results using spatial transcriptomics of human tumors.
resultsWe found comparable levels of IFNγ signaling markers in primary and metastatic lesions and marked downregulation of multiple APM components in metastases, some of which were restricted to the brain. Downregulation of HLA class-I APM components was associated with reduced effector TILs and worse survival. Analysis of human parental H2030 and brain metastatic H2030-BrM3 lung adenocarcinoma cells showed comparable signaling responses after IFNγ stimulation and reduced HLA class-I APM markers in metastatic cells. Transcriptomic analysis of primary/metastatic cells and human tumors identified differential expression of multiple genes associated with HLA class-I APM downregulation.
conclusionsOur results reveal that APM downregulation is a prominent feature of NSCLC brain metastases, is independent from local IFNγ signaling defects and is associated with unfavorable clinical features. We also identified candidate modulators of the APM pathway in brain metastases with potential translational significance.
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