Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42210217›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2026

Parental income and drug use disorder among second-generation individuals in Sweden: effect modification by immigrant background and region of origin.

Kenta Okuyama, Sara Larsson Lönn, Ardavan M Khoshnood, Shervin Assari, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Kenta OkuyamaCenter for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Skåne, 20502, Sweden. kenta.okuyama@med.lu.se.
Sara Larsson LönnCenter for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Skåne, 20502, Sweden.
Ardavan M KhoshnoodCenter for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Skåne, 20502, Sweden.
Shervin AssariDepartment of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jan SundquistCenter for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Skåne, 20502, Sweden.
Kristina SundquistCenter for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Skåne, 20502, Sweden.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEvidence is limited for the association between parental income during childhood and adolescence and the subsequent risk of drug use disorder (DUD) in the second generation and whether the association is modified by region of origin. Identifying the association and effect modification by immigrant background and region of origin would provide an important knowledge base to consider tailored policies.

methodsWe used nationwide longitudinal Swedish data on 1,137,721 non-immigrants and 293,636 s-generation individuals who turned 15 years of age between 2005 and 2020. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the associations between parental income and DUD by immigrant background and region of origin. Parental income was assessed in ranked percentiles based on family disposable income when the study individuals were 14 years of age. In addition, accumulated exposure and critical periods of low parental income were assessed at the ages 0-4, 5-9, and 10-14. DUD was assessed using medical/legal registers 2005-2020 when the study individuals were between 15 and 25 years old.

resultsHigher parental income was associated with a decreased risk of DUD, while the association was weaker in the second generation, such as in those from Asia, Africa, and Middle East or North Africa (MENA) in males, and Latin America or Caribbean, Africa, and MENA in females. Accumulated exposure to low parental income was associated with an increased risk of DUD, while the association was weaker in the second generation, such as in those from MENA.

conclusionsFinancial security in early life may lower the subsequent risk of DUD. However, the associations varied by immigrant background and region of origin.

Indexed as

Emigrants and ImmigrantsIncomeParentsSubstance-Related DisordersAdolescentAdultChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantLongitudinal StudiesMaleProportional Hazards ModelsSwedenYoung AdultDiminished returnDrug use disorderEffect modificationParental incomeRegion of originSecond generation

Identifiers

PMID42210217
PMCPMC13220473

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.