ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2026
Adequacy of antenatal care and maternal smoking: impacts on gestational age and birth weight among preterm births in a high-risk referral cohort in Western Iran.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPreterm birth and low birth weight (LBW) are leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Adequate antenatal care (ANC) and reducing modifiable maternal risk factors such as smoking are critical, yet evidence from high-risk Middle Eastern populations remains limited.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of 451 preterm neonates delivered at a tertiary referral hospital in Ilam, western Iran. ANC adequacy was assessed primarily using the Kessner index and tested against alternative indices. Maternal exposures included smoking, age, hypertension, and diabetes. Logistic regression models assessed associations, with robustness tested through dose-response splines, propensity score weighting, and E-values.
resultsAdequate ANC was protective, reducing odds of earlier gestational age (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.36-0.76), extremely low birth weight (RRR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.10-0.76), and LBW overall (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.39-0.87). Maternal smoking increased risks, more than tripling ELBW (RRR = 3.75, 95% CI: 1.65-8.54) and doubling LBW (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.20-3.94). Dose-response analysis showed steadily declining LBW risk with increasing ANC utilization, plateauing beyond WHO recommendations. Findings were robust across alternative definitions and sensitivity analyses.
conclusionsAmong preterm births in this high-risk Iranian cohort, adequate ANC was associated with more favorable gestational-age and birth-weight profiles, while maternal smoking increased the severity of prematurity and fetal growth restriction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.