SynthesisEuropean journal of pediatrics2026
Effect of probiotics on allergic rhinitis in children; A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European journal of pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disorder in children, often undiagnosed and associated with reduced quality of life and risk of comorbidities such as asthma. Probiotics have been found to be potential modulators of immune responses in allergic conditions. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of probiotics compared with placebo in the management of pediatric AR.
methodsSearches were conducted in accordance with a pre-registered protocol using MEDLINE (PubMed), the Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase through April 8, 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of children aged < 18 years that compared probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics with a placebo were considered for inclusion. Outcomes of interest included clinical and laboratory parameters. Random-effects models with Hedges' g were used; heterogeneity was assessed via I
resultsFourteen RCTs involving 1,739 children were included. Meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in nasal symptom scores (SMD = -1.40; 95% CI: -2.26 to -0.54; I
conclusionProbiotics were associated with improvements in nasal and ocular symptoms and quality of life in children with AR; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to substantial heterogeneity across studies. Probiotics may have a potential role as an adjunctive therapy, but further high-quality, standardized trials are needed. PROSPERO registration code: CRD420250654461 on 24 February 2025. What is Known • Probiotics have been investigated as adjunctive therapy for pediatric allergic rhinitis because of their potential immunomodulatory effects. • Previous studies and meta-analyses have reported inconsistent findings regarding the clinical and immunological effects of probiotics in allergic rhinitis. What is New •This meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvements in nasal symptoms, ocular symptoms, and quality of life in children with allergic rhinitis receiving probiotics versus placebo. • Probiotic supplementation showed no consistent beneficial effects on immunological markers, while substantial heterogeneity remained across studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42209809What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.