Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42209625›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in naturally infected cattle for more than a year.

Ismaila Shittu, Jessica Rodriguez, Judith U Oguzie, Claudia M Trujillo-Vargas, Lyudmyla V Marushchak, Thang Nguyen-Tien, Nicholas E Schneider, John A Lednicky, Gregory C Gray

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ismaila ShittuDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
Jessica RodriguezDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
Judith U OguzieDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
Claudia M Trujillo-VargasDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
Lyudmyla V MarushchakDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
Thang Nguyen-TienDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
Nicholas E SchneiderSchneider Veterinary Services, Milliken, CO, USA.
John A LednickyDepartment of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
Gregory C GrayDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. gcgray@utmb.edu.

Funding

USDA-APHIS Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant from the American Rescue Plan Act 2023-70432-39558
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cattle were not previously thought susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infection until March 2024, when outbreaks were reported among dairy cattle. Data are sparse regarding the immune response of cattle to infections with such viruses. To better understand the systemic humoral immune responses of HPAI H5N1-infected dairy cattle, we conducted a prospective study of 15 cows on an H5N1-affected farm. The cows' sera were studied using microneutralization (MN), hemagglutination inhibition, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. At four months post-outbreak, MN assays revealed 73% (11/15) of the cattle sera had elevated H5 antibody levels that ranged from 1:40 to 1:640. Eight months post-outbreak, 73% retained elevated MN antibodies, wherein 18% (2/11) had an increased response, 63.6% (7/11) maintained antibody levels, and 18% (2/11) showed a decline. By 13 months post-outbreak, only 50% (5/10) retained elevated titers by the MN assay. The results from all three assays were in agreement; however, the MN assay seemed to be more sensitive. Our findings indicate a correlation among the three assays, with high levels of H5 antibodies persisting for more than a year after natural infections. This information is vital for guiding future use of H5 vaccines in dairy cattle farms.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralCattle DiseasesInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsAnimalsCattleDisease OutbreaksEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayFemaleHemagglutination Inhibition TestsProspective StudiesAntibodies, ViralDairy cattleEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assayHemagglutination-inhibitionInfluenza A virusMicroneutralization

Identifiers

PMID42209625
PMCPMC13448084

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.