Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42207717›Full record

ReviewACS nano2026

Tools For Building Artificial Biological Nanostructures.

Thomas S Bradford, Sarah Hutchings, Jonathon D Liston, Zuzanna Pakosz-Stepien, Artemis Sanderson, Ahmed Shaukat, Adam Bentham, Ting-Yu Lin, Piotr Stepien, Jonathan G Heddle

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in ACS nano, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Thomas S BradfordCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0009-0009-2623-2225
Sarah HutchingsCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0009-0006-1438-0720
Jonathon D ListonCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0000-0003-0283-8889
Zuzanna Pakosz-StepienCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0000-0002-2288-8616
Artemis SandersonCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0009-0001-3216-999X
Ahmed ShaukatCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0000-0001-9108-0912
Adam BenthamCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0000-0001-5906-0962
Ting-Yu LinCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0000-0001-7914-2164
Piotr StepienCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0000-0002-4859-6443
Jonathan G HeddleCentre for Programmable Biological Matter, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.ORCID 0000-0003-0994-9928

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Biological nanostructures and nanomachines encompass a wide range of natural assemblies from the smallest prokaryotes to viruses, enzymes, and subcellular compartments. Their capabilities are impressive, including replication, locomotion, and catalysis. To be able to design and produce modified or wholly artificial versions of such systems using biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) is a long-term goal of engineering biology. However, their complexity makes the design and prediction of their properties challenging, while production, purification, and testing can also be difficult. In recent years, new approaches have been developed to facilitate these processes. Here, we review tools for designing biological molecules, highlighting their capabilities and giving examples of their successful application. Finally, we present possible capabilities of future tools and challenges to their development.

Indexed as

NanostructuresNanotechnologyDNA NanostructuresNucleic AcidsProteinsNucleic AcidsProteinsbiological nanomachinesDNA nanotechnologyDNA origamiengineering biologymachine learningprogrammable moleculesprotein designRNA origami

Identifiers

PMID42207717
PMCPMC13255533

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.