Dynamic Energy Optimization and Lighting Flexibility Classification for Sustainable Vertical Farming: A Simulation-Based Multi-Scenario Analysis.

Background: Vertical farming offers a promising solution to food production challenges in urban and climate-constrained regions, yet its high energy demand raises concerns about sustainability. Most existing studies assess energy demand and CO Methods: This study evaluates the performance and carbon footprint of a fully enclosed pilot vertical farming unit in Northern Greece using TRNSYS 18 simulations and high-resolution environmental data. Forty-eight cultivation scenarios were generated by varying photoperiods, humidity levels, and HVAC setpoints to reflect seasonal Mediterranean conditions. Each scenario was analyzed for energy consumption, grid reliance, photovoltaic sufficiency, and life cycle CO Results: The median carbon footprint across the 48 simulated scenarios was 3.67 kg CO Conclusions: The findings highlight the potential of simulation-based design for optimizing energy use and minimizing environmental impacts in control-environment agriculture. The proposed metrics and classification provide practical tools for improving the resilience and sustainability of vertical farming under Mediterranean conditions.