ArticleKidney medicine2026
Drug Burden Index and Its Association With Functional Outcomes in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis.
Article in Kidney medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Rationale & Objective: Psychoactive potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are associated with morbidity and mortality in the dialysis population. However, little evidence exists on the association of psychoactive PIMs with functional status, an outcome that matters to patients. Our objective was to examine the association between psychoactive PIM burden and declining functional status. Study Design: Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting & Participants: We evaluated a subset of the United States Renal Data System ACTIVE/ADIPOSE study cohort. Exposure: Drug burden of psychoactive PIMs, measured by annual drug burden index (DBI). Outcomes: Gait speed, cognitive function, and dependence in activities of daily living, measured at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Analytical Approach: We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate associations between DBI and study outcomes. Results: Over half (n = 224, 57%) of the 394 patients in our cohort had ≥1 psychoactive PIM prescriptions in the 2-year follow-up period. The most prescribed psychoactive PIMs were gabapentin, zolpidem/eszopiclone, and tramadol. Overall mean (SD) annual DBI at 12 months and 24 months was 1.92 (3.66) and 2.13 (3.89), respectively. We observed a clinically significant 0.07 m/s decline in mean gait speed from 0-12 months, which was not significant in adjusted models. We observed no significant relationship between DBI and cognitive change. Activities of daily living dependence increased from 0-12 months for patients with higher annual DBI (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.30), but this did not persist from 12-24 months. Limitations: There are elements of missingness in these retrospective data, which did not impact findings per sensitivity analysis. We used Medicare Part D claims for medication exposure, but we cannot confirm patients took medications as indicated. Conclusions: Although most patients had ≥1 psychoactive PIM prescription, we did not observe a significant association between annual DBI and declining functional status that persisted over time.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.