ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Vesicle-Mediated Delivery of Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Applications.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), as an emerging class of carbon nanomaterials, exhibit exceptional optical properties, biocompatibility, and functional tunability, rendering them highly promising for applications in biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial therapy, and phototherapy. However, their small size leads to a poor enhanced-permeation-and-retention (EPR) effect and inadequate targeting capability, which hinders their further translation into biomedical applications. Vesicles, including natural extracellular vesicles (EVs), liposomes, and synthetic vesicles, serve as ideal nanocarriers due to their unique bilayer structure, excellent biocompatibility, and intrinsic targeting properties. The integration of CDs with vesicles forms a novel multifunctional hybrid system, which can effectively address the delivery limitations of CDs while endowing vesicles with additional functionalities such as fluorescence tracing and phototherapeutic effects. This review systematically summarizes the synthesis methods (top-down and bottom-up) and key physicochemical (structural and optical) properties of CDs, as well as the classification and characteristics of various vesicles. Furthermore, it focuses on the construction strategies, interaction mechanisms, and loading methods of CD-vesicle hybrids, and comprehensively elaborates on their applications in targeted drug delivery, bioimaging, tumor therapy, antibacterial treatment, and wound healing. In addition, we critically discuss the key bottlenecks currently limiting the clinical translation of CD-vesicle hybrid therapeutics, including the thermodynamic limitations of drug/CD loading efficiency, burst release of payloads, in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior, and the effects of CDs on vesicle interfacial stability and leakage kinetics. Finally, the current challenges (e.g. unclear interaction mechanisms, limited scalable production, and narrow application scope) and future development directions (e.g. expanding antimicrobial applications, promoting clinical translation, and exploring CD self-assembled vesicles) of CD-vesicle hybrid systems are discussed, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for the rational design and biomedical application of CD-vesicle hybrid nanomaterials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.