ArticleBMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation2026
Trunk rotation and hand-elbow-shoulder axis disruption increase the risk of humeral shaft fractures during arm wrestling: a video analysis study.
Article in BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundArm wrestling is a globally popular sport that can lead to serious orthopaedic injuries, particularly humeral shaft fractures. Despite their importance, the mechanisms and positional risk factors underlying these injuries have not yet been clearly defined. This study aimed to investigate whether specific body positions are associated with an increased risk of humeral shaft fractures.
methodsThis study was designed as a retrospective video-based observational comparative study. Seventy-four publicly available videos of arm wrestling matches resulting in humeral shaft fractures were independently evaluated by two orthopaedic specialists. In each video, the exact moment of fracture was identified, and the body positions of injured competitors were compared with those of their non-injured opponents. Variables including sex of competitors, side, match position (standing or sitting), time to fracture, and positions of the trunk, elbow, and wrist were recorded and statistically analyzed.
resultsA total of 148 competitors (74 with fractures and 74 non-injured opponents) were included in the analysis. Fractures occurred in the defense zone in 46 competitors (62.2%) and in the attack zone in 28 competitors (37.8%). Fracture occurrence was significantly associated with the angular zone of injury (p = 0.032). Fractures were more frequent among competitors who rotated their trunk toward the direction of attack (p < 0.001). Misalignment of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder and posterior positioning of the wrist relative to the shoulder were observed in 81.1% of competitors sustaining a fracture and were significantly associated with fracture occurrence (p < 0.001).
conclusionsThe primary finding of this study was that trunk rotation, particularly toward the direction of attack, and disruption of the hand-elbow-shoulder axis were associated with fracture occurrence and may reflect increased torsional loading of the humerus. In addition, fractures were more frequently observed in defensive positions. These findings may help athletes participate in arm wrestling competitions more safely by increasing awareness of high-risk body positions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.