ArticleBMC microbiology2026
Antibiotic resistance profiles and co-occurrence of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase genes in ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria of clinical origin.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hospital setting provides a critical environment for understanding the public health implications of antibiotic resistance, given the diversity of clinical samples and bacteria encountered. This study investigated the resistotyping and detection of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases in clinical Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria were obtained from the laboratory benches of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria for three months, and identified. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out using the disc diffusion method, while detection of ESBL production was done using the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). Biofilm formation by the isolates was detected using the Tissue Culture Plate method. Screening for hypermucoviscosity in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates was done using the string test. Genotyping of the ESBL-producing isolates for ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases was done using primer-specific PCR. Seventy-two isolates [(Klebsiella (38), Pseudomonas (14), Escherichia (12), Enterobacter (5), Hafnia (1), Acinetobacter (1) and Morganella (1)] were identified. The resistance of the isolates to the antibiotics was: amoxicillin-clavulanate (69.4%), cefepime (59.7%), ceftriaxone and azithromycin (56.9% each), aztreonam 54.2%, gentamicin (52.8%), ampicillin-sulbactam (48.6%), ciprofloxacin (45.8), ceftazidime (38.9%), cefoxitin (36.1%) and cefuroxime (19.4%). Fifty-three isolates (73.6%) had multidrug-resistant phenotypes and 21 were ESBL producers. Thirty-five of the total isolates were biofilm producers, while 21.1% of the Klebsiella pneumoniae were hypermucoviscous. The frequency of genes in the 21 ESBL producers was bla
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.