ArticleJournal of the science of food and agriculture2026
β-Sitosterol from Camellia oil integrated photothermal liposomes increasing redox-balanced anti-inflammation in macrophages.
Article in Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCamellia oleifera Abel. oil (Camellia oil) is a premium edible woody oil traditionally utilized in East Asia for treating burns and inflammatory disorders; however, the poor bioavailability of its active phytosterols severely limits their modern application in functional foods. To overcome this limitation, this study aimed to engineer a photothermally responsive nanoplatform to enhance the bioavailability and enable the controlled release of these dietary bioactives, based on the bioactive profile of Camellia oil.
resultsNetwork pharmacology and molecular docking initially identified β-sitosterol as a core active component of Camellia oil. Subsequently, a photothermally responsive liposomal system was engineered by co-loading β-sitosterol and theabrownin-derived carbon quantum dots. The liposomes exhibited a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 46.6%, enabling controlled, temperature-dependent cargo release. In vitro assays demonstrated potent radical-scavenging capabilities (89.4% against superoxide, 82.8% for ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and 58.6% for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)). In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, the system significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and downregulated pro-inflammatory genes (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), inhibiting iNOS mRNA expression by 71.6%. Furthermore, upregulation of the reparative gene CD206 indicated a functional shift toward inflammatory resolution. Transcriptomic benchmarking revealed that the system reversed inflammatory homeostasis impairment by modulating the antagonism between inflammatory and metabolic modules, a process bioinformatically predicted to be driven by the regulatory node Pparg.
conclusionThis work integrates natural Camellia-derived bioactive components with nanotechnology to coordinate redox status and immune homeostasis, offering a novel strategy for the high-value utilization of woody oil crops as functional ingredients. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
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