Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42202488›Full record

ArticleAddictive behaviors2026

Cannabis retailers' marketing practices and compliance with state regulations: a 2025 point-of-sale audit in 5 U.S. cities.

Carla J Berg, Cassidy R LoParco, Matthew E Rossheim, Morgan B Speer, Elizabeth Platt, Caitlin Davie, Hermela Amdeta, Darby Mihelich, Diane M Ndisebuye, Yuxian Cui and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Addictive behaviors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Carla J BergDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: carlaberg@gwu.edu.
Cassidy R LoParcoDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Matthew E RossheimDepartment of Health Administration and Health Policy, School of Public Health, The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
Morgan B SpeerDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Elizabeth PlattCenter for Public Health Law Research, Beasley School of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Caitlin DavieCenter for Public Health Law Research, Beasley School of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Hermela AmdetaDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Darby MihelichDepartment of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Diane M NdisebuyeDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Yuxian CuiDepartment of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Patricia A Cavazos-RehgDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Y Tony YangGeorge Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Scott BurrisCenter for Public Health Law Research, Beasley School of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Funding

Recreational Marijuana Marketing and Young Adult Consumer Behavior - Administrative SupplementR01DA054751 · NIDA · GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Carla J Berg, Patricia A Cavazos-Rehg · 2022 to 2026
$4.3M
NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA054751
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cannabis retail surveillance is crucial to inform regulations and enforcement efforts. This point-of-sale audit study examined marketing practices and compliance with age verification rules, required signage, and marketing restrictions among 161 cannabis retailers in 5 US cities in states authorizing nonmedical cannabis retail (Los Angeles [LA], California; Las Vegas [LV], Nevada; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington) in summer 2025. Descriptive and bivariate analyses characterized retailers overall and across cities. Overall, 84.5 % of retailers requested age verification upon entry (range: Seattle = 43.3 % to LV = 100 %); 8.1 % never verified (range: LV/Denver = 0 % to Seattle = 26.7 %). All 5 states required pregnancy-related warning postings/brochures, observed in 64.6 % (less often in LA = 30.8 % and LV = 46.9 %). Nevada and Oregon required signage prohibiting on-site consumption, observed in 51.6 % overall (LV = 81.3 %, Portland = 86.7 %). California and Washington required signage indicating negative impacts on children/youth, posted in 42.2 % (LA = 20.5 %; Seattle = 80.0 %). All 5 states restricted youth-oriented packaging, found in 24.2 % (more often in Denver = 53.3 % and LV = 40.6 %). Other targeted populations (based on advertisements/promotions) included veterans/military (12.4 %), senior citizens (9.3 %), LGBTQ+ (8.7 %), and racial/ethnic minorities (7.5 %). Colorado, Oregon, and Washington prohibited health claims in advertising, found in 65.8 % (Denver = 40.0 %, Portland = 40.0 %, Seattle = 70.0 %). California, Colorado, and Washington restricted outdoor business signage, identified at 36.6 % overall (LA = 18.2 %, Denver = 7.7 %, Seattle = 40.0 %). California, Oregon, and Washington restricted discounting, identified in 93.8 % (LA = 92.3 %, Portland = 96.7 %, Seattle = 86.7 %). Further, 39.8 % promoted online ordering, 33.5 % curbside delivery, pick-up, or drive-through options, and 13.7 % home delivery. Given compliance-related issues with many regulations (e.g., required signage, prohibitions on youth-oriented marketing, health claims), states' cannabis retail regulations and enforcement must be strengthened.

Indexed as

CannabisCommerceGuideline AdherenceMarijuana UseColoradoHumansOregonUnited StatesHealth communicationHealth policyMarijuanaPublic health surveillanceSubstance use

Identifiers

PMID42202488
PMCPMC13347193

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.