Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42202217›Full record

ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026

Evaluation of influenza vaccine effectiveness among older adults in Jiaxing, China, 2022-2025: A test negative design-based study.

Yang Liu, Xiaofei Fu, Yuanhang Wang, Lei Jia, LiJun Xu, Rui Li, Guoying Zhu, Haoyue Zhou

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yang LiuDepartment of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
Xiaofei FuDepartment of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
Yuanhang WangDepartment of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
Lei JiaDepartment of Infection Control and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University (The First Hospital of Jiaxing), Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
LiJun XuInfectious Disease Prevention and Control and Immunization Planning Department (Public Health Emergency Department), Disease Prevention and Control Center of Nanhu District, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
Rui LiDepartment of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
Guoying ZhuDepartment of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
Haoyue ZhouDepartment of Infection Control and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University (The First Hospital of Jiaxing), Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Influenza imposes a substantial burden on older adults, underscoring the need for annual evaluation of vaccine effectiveness (VE). Using a test-negative case-control design, this study assessed VE among patients aged ≥60 y with acute respiratory symptoms in Jiaxing, China, across three influenza seasons (2022-2025). Among 3,214 participants, vaccination provided moderate overall protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza, with adjusted VE of 42.5% (95% CI: 31.2-51.9). Protection was highest in the 2024-2025 season (47.2%) and against influenza A(H1N1) (42.4%). Notably, subgroup analyses revealed significantly higher VE among females, individuals without underlying disease (49.2%), those presenting with high fever (>39°C, 44.3%), and within 90 d post-vaccination (52.3%). These findings affirm the moderate protective effect of influenza vaccines in the older individuals and strongly support the critical importance of timely annual vaccination ahead of the influenza season to mitigate risk in this vulnerable population.

Indexed as

Influenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesVaccine EfficacyAgedAged, 80 and overCase-Control StudiesChinaFemaleHumansInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeMaleMiddle AgedSeasonsVaccinationInfluenza Vaccinescase-controlInfluenzainfluenza vaccineolder individualstest-negative

Identifiers

PMID42202217
PMCPMC13217911

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.