ArticleDocumenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology2026
Technical note: a functional data analysis approach to analyze the light-adapted electroretinogram in children and adolescents.
Article in Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo present a new framework for the analysis of the light-adapted electroretinogram using Functional Data Analysis (FDA).
methodsLight adapted full-field electroretinograms and extracted Oscillatory Potentials waveforms were analyzed using an FDA approach. Waveforms from 71 individuals with autism spectrum disorder and 98 Control participants (mean ± SD age in years): ASD (12.8 ± 4.4) and Control (13.5 ± 4.7) were reanalyzed from previous studies. Robust and powerful nonparametric permutation-based tests were developed for the mean, variance, and first derivative of the waveforms.
resultsFDA identified a significant group difference (p=0.049) for the mean of the waveforms between the a-wave minima and b-wave maxima for the 356 and 445 Td.s flash strengths. The Oscillatory Potentials mean and covariance for the mean and first derivative of the waveforms exhibited significant group differences across multiple flash strengths (p=.0244). The combined test statistic for the mean and covariance showed group differences by age and group, but not by sex.
conclusionBy treating time-series recordings as functions, the proposed FDA framework enables a more informative assessment of group differences through the analysis of mean structure, covariance, and waveform dynamics captured by first derivatives. This new functional perspective extends beyond traditional time series methods based on peak time and amplitude to provide a powerful tool for uncovering subtle differences between groups.
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