ArticleAntibodies (Basel, Switzerland)2026
The Shifting Core: Antigenic Variability of the Influenza Virus Nucleoprotein Despite Evolutionary Conservation.
Article in Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe highly mutable influenza virus causes severe annual infections worldwide and results in substantial socioeconomic losses. The spread of infection could be effectively controlled by cross-protective vaccines and universal diagnostic test systems based on the nucleoprotein (NP) as one of the most conserved viral antigens. However, NP also undergoes slow evolutionary changes, and little is known about the influence of these mutations on its antigenicity and immunogenicity.
methodsWe expressed the full-length recombinant 6xHis-tagged NPs of ten evolutionary distant influenza A strains of different subtypes in
resultsA pronounced cross-reactivity of anti-NP antibodies induced in mice by immunization with different NPs was revealed. At the same time, we observed the differences in the humoral immunogenicity of NP, which are in line with the accumulation of evolutionarily driven NP mutations. In general, antibody affinity to heterologous NPs was reduced, indicating the differences in the specificity of anti-NP immunoglobulins, which may be caused by evolutionarily determined variability of immunogenic epitopes leading to the emergence of escape mutations.
conclusionsOverall, our results reflect the slightly evolving nature of the NP antigen, which influences the specificity spectrum of anti-NP antibodies and should be considered as a limitation for the development of NP-based cross-protective vaccines and test systems.
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