ArticleHardwareX2026
Development and implementation of a multifunctional mobile robot training kit in embedded control systems instruction in vocational education.
Article in HardwareX, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
The development of automation, robotics, and embedded intelligence in industry requires that vocational education graduates possess strong competencies in embedded control systems. This article presents the design, open-source documentation (electronic, electrical, mechanical, and assembly), and learning implementation of a multifunctional mobile robot training kit developed to support holistic learning of embedded systems and robotics. The main innovation lies in integrating conceptual and project-based learning within a single modular platform that supports smartphone-controlled robots and line and wall following applications. This device is equipped with structured modules and job sheets covering 14 practical topics, ranging from digital-analog input/output programming to implementation as learning projects. Empirical tests on the second generation showed a significant impact on improving students' knowledge, practical skills, and problem-solving abilities. The third generation was then implemented for one semester with 118 students. Evaluation using the Technology Acceptance Model, expanded to include self-confidence and intrinsic motivation, showed high acceptance and a positive influence on both constructs. Teacher assessments also showed excellent responses across product functionality, design, technical quality, ergonomics, and safety of use. These findings confirm the potential of training kits as an innovative and relevant learning medium for industry-based vocational education
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