Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42198771›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Wastewater-Based Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 for Early Warning of COVID-19 Infection Dynamics.

Qiuyan Zhao, Xinye Zhang, Jing Peng, Xiaoyan Ma, Yongxing Wang, Jun Luo, Xiaohan Su, Siyu Yang, Xiaona Yan, Yuan Wei and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Qiuyan ZhaoDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Xinye ZhangDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Jing PengDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Xiaoyan MaDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Yongxing WangDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Jun LuoOffice of Preventive Medicine Association, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Xiaohan SuInformation Center, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Siyu YangDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0547-290X
Xiaona YanDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Yuan WeiDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.
Jie ZhangDepartment of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China.ORCID 0009-0004-5802-3392

Funding

Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention HNCDCYC202504Henan Provincinal Health Commission LHGJ20240602
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a valuable complementary tool for population-level monitoring. This study evaluated the early warning value of wastewater surveillance for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 and its correlation with COVID-19 infection trends. From May 2024 to December 2025, 526 wastewater samples were collected from five treatment plants. Spearman correlation and a quasi-Poisson generalized additive model (adjusting for wastewater temperature) were used to assess relationships between SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration, the number of reported cases, and lag associations. Wastewater viral loads (copies/mL) significantly correlated with reported cases. Wastewater temperature was positively correlated with both viral concentrations and case numbers. A significant lagged association was observed for the N gene, with relative risk peaking at a 10-day lag. Although the ORF1ab gene was not significant for most lag periods, its temporal trend was consistent with that of the N gene. Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, particularly targeting the N gene, can effectively predict COVID-19 infection dynamics with a 10-day lead time, thereby supporting wastewater surveillance as an early warning tool for public health monitoring.

Indexed as

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2WastewaterWastewater-Based Epidemiological MonitoringCoronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsHumansRNA, ViralTemperatureViral LoadCoronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsRNA, ViralWastewaterCOVID-19early warninggeneralized additive modelSARS-CoV-2wastewater surveillance

Identifiers

PMID42198771
PMCPMC13211602

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.