Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42198757›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Emerging Trends in HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6 in Belgium: Transmission Dynamics, Drug Resistance, and Subtyping Tool Evaluation.

Virginie Mortier, Laurent Debaisieux, Deborah De Geyter, Marie-Luce Delforge, Melissa Depypere, Géraldine Dessilly, Benoît Kabamba-Mukadi, Khalid El Moussaoui, Samy Mzougui, Ben Serrien and 9 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Virginie MortierAIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-9376-8910
Laurent DebaisieuxAIDS Reference Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Erasme, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
Deborah De GeyterAIDS Reference Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
Marie-Luce DelforgeAIDS Reference Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), CUB Hôpital Erasme, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
Melissa DepypereDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Géraldine DessillyAIDS Reference Laboratory, Medical Microbiology Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0001-8598-3226
Benoît Kabamba-MukadiAIDS Reference Laboratory, Medical Microbiology Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
Khalid El MoussaouiAIDS Reference Laboratory, University Hospital of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.ORCID 0009-0009-3317-377X
Samy MzouguiAIDS Reference Laboratory, University Hospital of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
Ben SerrienDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Karolien StoffelsAIDS Reference Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-0738-6343
Dominique Van BeckhovenDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-0821-2756
Ellen Van CutsemAIDS Reference Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
Dorien Van den BosscheAIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-7545-4360
Sigi Van den WijngaertAIDS Reference Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-8623-2165
Fien VanroyeAIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
Elizaveta PadalkoAIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Chris VerhofstedeAIDS Reference Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Kristel Van LaethemDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0001-6036-2271

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The international spread of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 raises concerns due to its association with contraindications for long-acting injectable formulations of cabotegravir (LA-CAB) and rilpivirine (LA-RPV). This study investigated its increasing proportion in Belgium, assessing transmission dynamics and potential migration links. Additionally, genotypic drug resistance in the Belgian HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 population were analyzed and four automatic subtyping tools were compared. A dataset of 4764 HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences from newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve individuals in Belgium (2013-2022) was analyzed. A combination of phylogenetic analysis and online subtyping tools identified 136 sub-subtype A6 sequences. The increase in the proportion of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 observed in Belgium since 2020 reflects changing transmission patterns, especially among Belgium-born men having sex with men, and cannot be solely linked to the recent influx of Ukrainian migrants. Of these sub-subtype A6 sequences, less than 10% showed LA-CAB + LA-RPV resistance, mainly due to E138A within RT. HIVdb and ANRS reliably assessed resistance in this therapy-naïve cohort, and HIVdb, COMET, and SmartGene

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, ViralHIV-1HIV InfectionsAnti-HIV AgentsBelgiumFemaleGenotypeHIV ProteaseHIV Reverse TranscriptaseHumansMalePhylogenyAnti-HIV AgentsHIV ProteaseHIV Reverse Transcriptasegenotypic drug resistancehuman immunodeficiency virussub-subtype A6subtyping toolstransmission dynamics

Identifiers

PMID42198757
PMCPMC13211556

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.