Six Decades of Global Research on Bovine Babesiosis Vaccines: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Uriel Mauricio Valdez-Espinoza, Chyntia Pérez-Almeida, Alma Cárdenas-Flores, Edwin Esaú Hernández-Arvizu, Juan Mosqueda

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis

In one paragraph

Synthesis in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Uriel Mauricio Valdez-EspinozaInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca, Cuautla No. 8534, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-5660-8061

Chyntia Pérez-AlmeidaImmunology and Vaccines Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences College, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.

Alma Cárdenas-FloresImmunology and Vaccines Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences College, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.

Edwin Esaú Hernández-ArvizuImmunology and Vaccines Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences College, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.ORCID 0009-0003-1730-4916

Juan MosquedaImmunology and Vaccines Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences College, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0001-8892-6390

Funding

SECIHTI Doctoral grant

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease that poses significant economic losses to global cattle production, and diverse vaccine platforms have been developed to combat it. This work critically evaluates global research on bovine babesiosis vaccines, integrating historical milestones with recent advances in antigen discovery and immunization approaches and assessing their protective efficacy through meta-analysis. Using comprehensive database searches, we identified 413 publications on bovine babesiosis vaccines, of which 168 met the inclusion criteria, spanning from 1960 to August 2025. Analysis revealed that

Indexed as

BabesiaBabesiosisCattle DiseasesProtozoan VaccinesAnimalsAntigens, ProtozoanBabesia bovisCattleVaccinationAntigens, ProtozoanProtozoan VaccinesBovine babesiosiscattle healthimmunizationsystematic reviewtick-borne diseasevaccines

Identifiers

PMID42198626

DOI10.3390/pathogens15050500

PMCPMC13209936

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.