ArticleToxics2026
Sodium Hypochlorite Pre-Oxidation as a Key Contributor to Trihalomethane Formation and Carcinogenic Risk: Evidence from Adjacent Water Treatment Plants.
Article in Toxics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
An on-site investigation was conducted to analyze the causes of excessive trihalomethane (THM) formation in Plant A and to mitigate the health risks associated with THM exposure in drinking water. Adjacent Plant B was used as a reference plant. Both water treatment plants used the same source water but employed different pre-oxidants. Systematic stage-specific sampling and analysis of historical monitoring data were conducted to identify the key contributing stage for THM formation. The investigation revealed that 85% of the trichloromethane in Plant A's finished water originated from the sodium hypochlorite pre-oxidation step, identifying this stage as the key contributing stage. THM concentrations were generally higher at Plant A than at Plant B. A multi-pathway health risk assessment of THM in drinking water indicates that non-carcinogenic risks are negligible, but lifetime carcinogenic risks warrant attention. The findings demonstrate that pre-oxidant selection is a significant governing factor of finished water disinfection by-product (DBP) levels. Following these findings, Plant A implemented measures, including enhanced chlorination management, reduced pre-chlorination, and upgraded sedimentation and V-shaped filters, which substantially reduced chlorinated DBPs in the finished water.
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