Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42198141›Full record

ArticlePolymers2026

Damp-Heat Ageing of Resin Insulation Materials (Epoxy Resin and Phenolic Resin as Examples) and Their Effects on Flame Retardancy.

Yue Ming, Xinhan Qiao, Haoran Meng, Wentian Zeng, Xiaolei Xia, Feng Yang, Ke Xu, Zhijin Zhang, Chuanhui Huang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yue MingSchool of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China.
Xinhan QiaoSchool of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7544-8721
Haoran MengSchool of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
Wentian ZengSchool of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
Xiaolei XiaSchool of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China.
Feng YangSchool of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China.
Ke XuState Key Laboratory of Environmental Adaptability for Industrial Products, China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China.ORCID 0000-0002-7992-6257
Zhijin ZhangState Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
Chuanhui HuangSchool of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China.

Funding

the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 2023QN1006
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

As power equipment insulation materials, epoxy resin and phenolic resin are inevitably exposed to damp-heat environments during long-term operation, leading to ageing degradation. This study systematically investigates the effects of damp-heat ageing (85 °C, 90% RH, 0-56 days) on the flame retardancy of both resins through oxygen index tests, vertical combustion experiments, and microstructural analysis (SEM/EDS). Results indicate that ageing unexpectedly enhances flame retardancy: Epoxy resin: Oxygen index rapidly increased from 64.4% (0 days) to 76.5% (21 days), then stabilised at 75-76%. Afterflame time decreased from 143 s to 109 s after 56 days. Phenolic resin: Oxygen index rose continuously with ageing; afterflame time dropped sharply from 211 s (0 days) to 0 s (56 days). Mechanistic analysis reveals that ageing promotes surface enrichment of flame-retardant elements (Ca, Mg, Si in epoxy; Al, Mg in phenolic) and structural changes (e.g., porous carbonisation), which facilitate barrier effects against heat/oxygen diffusion. This work challenges conventional views on ageing-induced degradation, providing new insights for evaluating insulation safety in humid environments.

Indexed as

damp-heat ageingenergy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)epoxy resinflame retardancyinsulation materialsoxygen indexphenolic resinscanning electron microscopy (SEM)vertical combustion test

Identifiers

PMID42198141
PMCPMC13210845

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.