Development of an Instrumented Climbing Hold with an Embedded Six-Axis Force Sensor for Speed Climbing.

Understanding the interaction forces between climbers and climbing holds is important for motion analysis and performance evaluation in sport climbing. In particular, force measurement during speed climbing can provide valuable insights into explosive movements and athlete performance. However, many existing measurement systems require modifications to the climbing wall structure or sensors installed behind the wall, which limits their applicability to existing speed climbing facilities. This study proposes a wireless instrumented climbing hold for speed climbing that enables force-related measurement without modifying the wall structure. The proposed system integrates a six-axis force sensor, a microcomputer, a wireless communication module, and a battery inside the climbing hold. This self-contained configuration allows the hold to wirelessly transmit force and moment data during climbing while maintaining compatibility with standard speed climbing walls and competition environments. In addition, the system enables an estimation of the point of force application on the hold surface by combining measured force and moment data with the three-dimensional hold geometry. Experimental evaluations were conducted to verify the feasibility and performance of the system. External load tests using a digital force gauge confirmed that the embedded sensor can measure static loads and respond to rapidly changing loads with sufficient temporal responsiveness, and the estimated point of force application corresponded closely to the actual loading point. Furthermore, measurements on an actual speed climbing wall demonstrated that the proposed system can successfully capture interaction forces during climbing movements. These results indicate that the proposed system is a practical tool for force-based motion analysis in speed climbing.