Electronic Systems for Monitoring Pediatric Gait Biomechanical Parameters: A Systematic Review of Embedded Technologies and Human-Machine Interfaces.

Electronic systems are increasingly used to support pediatric gait assessment by enabling objective measurement of biomechanical parameters beyond traditional laboratory settings. However, although technological development has expanded in adult populations, the extent to which embedded technologies and human-machine interaction (HMI) modalities have been integrated into pediatric monitoring systems remains unclear. This systematic review synthesizes evidence published between 2015 and 2025 on electronic systems applied to pediatric gait biomechanics. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251230372), and adopted a descriptive synthesis approach. A total of 2619 records were identified, and after eligibility assessment and methodological quality appraisal using CASP, 34 studies were included in the final synthesis. The studies were examined according to system type, interaction characteristics, and biomechanical outcomes. The findings indicate a predominance of wearable architectures and inertial sensing technologies in the literature on electronic systems for pediatric gait monitoring. However, HMI modalities were rarely described, and most systems functioned primarily as passive data acquisition tools. Biomechanical outcomes focused mainly on motion-derived parameters, whereas region-specific plantar-load distribution was infrequently assessed, and no studies reported the use of force-sensitive resistors for zonal pressure monitoring. These findings suggest that future advances may depend on integrative approaches that combine multimodal sensing, interaction mechanisms, and functional load characterization.